Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) have been widely used in Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks given its superior performance on processing sequential data. However, it is challenging to interpret and debug RNNs due to the inherent complexity and the lack of transparency of RNNs. While many explainable AI (XAI) techniques have been proposed for RNNs, most of them only support local explanations rather than global explanations. In this paper, we present DeepSeer, an interactive system that provides both global and local explanations of RNN behavior in multiple tightly-coordinated views for model understanding and debugging. The core of DeepSeer is a state abstraction method that bundles semantically similar hidden states in an RNN model and abstracts the model as a finite state machine. Users can explore the global model behavior by inspecting text patterns associated with each state and the transitions between states. Users can also dive into individual predictions by inspecting the state trace and intermediate prediction results of a given input. A between-subjects user study with 28 participants shows that, compared with a popular XAI technique, LIME, participants using DeepSeer made a deeper and more comprehensive assessment of RNN model behavior, identified the root causes of incorrect predictions more accurately, and came up with more actionable plans to improve the model performance.
https://doi.org/10.1145/3544548.3580852
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